Associations with tracer components of secondary nitrate and vehicle exhaust were similar, that is, NO3– (tracer for secondary nitrate) and EC (tracer for vehicle exhaust) were associated with 1.95% [ 95% CI: 0.68, 3.25); IQR = 3.4 μg/m] and 1.67% [ 95% CI: 0.58, 2.78); IQR = 1.6 μg/m] increases in IHD hospitalizations, respectively.
Development is driven by the increasing availability of gaseous fuels, the much lower level of noxious exhaust emissions associated with such fuels, reduced engine maintenance and longer intervals between overhauls for power plants.
The primary reason for this development is the increasing availability of gaseous fuels, the much lower level of noxious exhaust emissions associated with such fuels, reduced maintenance, and longer intervals between overhauls for power plant.
exhaust emissions associated with agricultural machinery used for the biomass production direct emissions.
In the Netherlands, however, traffic exhaust was associated with sensitization only to food allergen.
Exhaust emissions associated with ethanol are less toxic than those associated with gasoline, and have lower atmospheric reactivity [ 4].
Epidemiologic studies have shown that exposure to diesel exhaust is associated with various health effects, such as cancer induction.
In this case control study of railroad workers, work in jobs with exposure to diesel exhaust was associated with increased mortality from COPD.
Contrary to our findings, gasoline engine exhaust was associated with elevated risks of rectal cancer (OR = 1.6 for long-term, high-level exposure) [ 12].
Generally, mutagenicity of the exhaust was associated with PM and only to a minor extent with the gaseous or semi-volatile phase.
Occupational exposure to diesel engine exhaust was associated with risks for cervical [ 17], ovarian [ 23], and gastric cancer [ 25], and several studies indicated associations between occupations associated with exposure to air pollution and risk for kidney cancer [ 15, 16, 26].
