We present details of the design, construction, and testing of a single-beam optical tweezers apparatus capable of measuring and exerting torque, as well as force, on microfabricated, optically anisotropic particles (an "optical torque wrench").
The up-spin electrons injected exert torque on the BFL, also there are reflected up-spin electrons from the bottom pinned layer (BPL) which has its magnetization pinned in the −z direction.
When a fly exerted torque response to right (chose the right stimulus), the activity of the optic lobes is shown on light gray background; when it exerted torque response to left (chose the left stimulus), the background is dark gray.
Lever movement was sensed by an optical encoder, and a motor exerted torque in a direction to oppose flexion.
Since the exerted torque and the measuring point of the elongation of all groups did not differ we can assume that the overestimation of the elongation would be similar in both instances and therefore it would not affect the main results of this study.
It turns out that these forces exert torques on the rotating system and tends to slow its rotation till it finally shows the same face towards the other body.
To suppress this redundancy, we used the concept of muscle synergy, which is a key concept of analyzing the neurophysiological regulation of contribution redundancy of muscles to exerting torques.
It is shown firstly that passivity analysis leads to effective design of a feedback control signal that realizes dynamic stable pinching (grasping) even if extra terms of Lagrange's multipliers arise from holonomic constraints of tight area-contacts between soft finger-tips and surfaces of the rigid object and exert torques and forces on the dynamics.
Newton's Third Law of Motion requires that all objects exerting torques themselves experience equal and opposite torques, and therefore also directly implies the conservation of angular momentum for closed systems that experience rotations and revolutions through the action of internal torques.
The surrounding magnetic field (symbolized by the vector H) exerts a torque that tends to bring μ and H into alignment, but this torque also interacts with the angular momentum vector; the effect of this interaction is to cause the spin axis (and the magnetic-moment vector) to undergo the so-called Larmor precession, that is, to describe a cone about the direction of the magnetic field.
The vertical flow gradient exerts a torque that turns the sperm against the flow, but is counteracted by a torque from the chirality of the flagellar wave, resulting in a mean diagonal upstream motion.
