In our earlier studies, one of the halogenate salts, namely potassium bromate (KBrO3), being classified as a carcinogen, was shown in vitro (5 mM) and in vivo to exert damaging effect to membrane lipids in porcine thyroid [ 29].
Neurotoxins that are implicated as risk factors in clinical PD (Das et al., 2011; Marsden and Jenner, 1987), or are used in experimental PD (Section 3.1), also have to enter DA neurons via DAT before exerting their damaging effects on mitochondrial respiration, with concomitant excessive generation of oxidative stress (Gainetdinov et al., 1997; Miller et al., 1999).
These compounds primarily exert membrane damaging effects that may be attributed to their ability to lower the ergosterol biosynthesis and simultaneously interacting with membrane by binding to ergosterol.
As gambling is unlikely to exert actively damaging effects on the brain, the cognitive sequelae of gambling disorder may provide insights into addictive vulnerabilities; this idea is critically evaluated in light of recent structural imaging data.
Several studies indicate that an increase in the extracellular potassium (K+) concentration is a factor exerting a damaging effect on cochlear hair cells (HCs).
Further experimental studies supported the finding that cisplatin exerts its damaging effect in a base to apex gradient, lower frequencies being spared for long.
TNF family members on the other hand also exert host-damaging effects in sepsis, in tumor cachexia as well as in autoimmune diseases.
Therefore, the idea that inserted genes exert no unintended damaging effects is an implicit hypothesis which has become an assumption and is now entrenched as a consensus.
(Much of this was apparent 14 years ago [1].) Therefore, the idea that inserted genes exert no unintended damaging effects is an implicit hypothesis which has become an assumption and is now entrenched as a consensus.
Thus, we cannot conclude that the NR2A exclusively exerts a protective effect and NR2B exerts a damaging effect.
