Neurotrophic factors exert substantial effects on the central nervous system.
In addition to apparently disease-causing mutations in humans, polymorphisms in sheep appear to exert substantial effects on variations of PrPC in disease susceptibility [24] [27].
HIV has been demonstrated to exert substantial effects on the transcription pathways of several classes of genes [38], including commonly used "housekeeping genes" selected in the above mentioned studies [39].
In addition, thyroid hormones exert substantial effects on myotube formation and muscle fiber composition by regulating the expression of several masters of differentiation such as MyoD or myogenin [9] [12] or by inducing muscle-specific genes such as the myosin heavy chain [13], [14].
Glucocorticoids, given their diverse roles in metabolism, behavior, and immune function (Hinde 2013; Nyberg 2013), have the potential to exert substantial effects on offspring phenotype.
35 Even though low birth weight has only small effects on the overall BP levels in the general population, it still exerts substantial effects on morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular diseases in later years.
During operation of gas-evolving electrodes, a fraction of the electrode surface is covered with adhering gas bubbles, which are known to exert substantial effect on mass and heat transfer, on overpotential, on limiting current density and on ohmic resistance.
These findings suggest that PDGFR- β exerts substantial effects on expression of Otx2 and PV in the SC.
GnRH signaling exerts substantial effects on growth at the onset of puberty in mammals as demonstrated by Yingling et al. [ 48, 49].
To date, we have shown that TETA treatment exerts substantial effects to restore LV mass in patients with LV hypertrophy [ 48], similar to its effects in rats [ 8, 49], and that the dosage-responsiveness of TETA-mediated removal of copper from the body is similar in rats [ 8] and human volunteers [ 54, 56].
