Anti-TPO aAbs are invaluable markers of thyroid autoimmune response and have been shown to exert both in vitro and in vivo cytotoxic functions such as C3 complement activation (Wadeleux et al, 1989; Chiovato et al, 1993; Parkes et al, 1994) and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) (Bogner et al, 1989; Rodien et al, 1996; Guo et al, 1997; Metcalfe et al, 1997; Rebuffat et al, 2008).
A key feature in the stability of collagen fibrils and the overall structural hierarchy is the extended network of hydrogen bonding exerted both among amino acids in adjacent chains within a trimer, and also, between water molecules and certain amino acids in each trimer.
We assume that Rho1 exerts both activities only in the active, GTP-bound form (Rose et al., 2005).
Noteworthy, in spite of their structural similarity, p130Cas/BCAR1 and Nedd9 exert both redundant and specific functions in breast cancer cells.
In eukaryotes, DNA methylation is associated with gene repression, while it exerts both activating and repressive effects in the Proteobacteria through largely locus-specific mechanisms.
Heparanase, the predominant enzyme degrading heparan sulfate, plays a significant role in inflammation, exerting both enzymatic and non-enzymatic activities [9], [10], [15].
Astrocytes have been implicated as potentially exerting both neurotoxic and neuroprotective activities in Parkinson's disease.
Therefore antioxidants seems to exert both a short term effect in terms of rehabilitating damaged but still functional TM, and a long term benefit by reducing apoptosis.
However, loss-of-function in HDACs exerts both stimulatory and inhibitory effects on gene transcription, and some of them may be opposing to their anti-tumor actions (Zupkovitz et al., 2006).
Previous studies have reported that IFITM1 and PLSCR1 exert both antiproliferative and proliferative effects in different types of cancer cells; however, their functional significance in AI-resistant breast cancer cells is not known.
