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We also provide evidence for cancer preventive activity of all aaptamines, which is exerted at low nontoxic concentrations and therefore independently of AP-1 and NF- κB activation.
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Therefore, counterproductive mechanisms of ML-I effects at higher doses (150 and 500 ng ML-I per kg) abrogate the significant beneficial ML-I effects exerted at low-dose treatment (30 ng kg−1).
These immunostimulatory effects are exerted at low-dose ML-I (1 10 ng ml−1), whereas higher doses (above 100 ng ml−1) abrogate these effect by inducing apoptosis in the leucocytes (Büssing et al, 1997).
In addition to its affinity for intermediate filaments, withaferin A has been shown repeatedly to inhibit angiogenesis [ 247– 251], with potent anti-angiogenic activity being exerted at doses as low as 7 µg/kg/day intraperitoneally in C57BL/6J mice [ 250].
Rather, we simply wanted to illustrate that many non-carcinogenic chemicals (that are ubiquitous in the environment) have also been shown to exert effects at low doses, which are highly relevant to the process of carcinogenesis.
While relatively low mortality rates were recorded at the shelf-break spawning center, a higher predation pressure from both fish and macrozooplankton was exerted at the shelf one.
The distal distraction was exerted at the distal phalanx.
Maximum action is exerted at S phase, but toxicity is usually exerted in G2 phase.
Hydroxychavicol which is found in PB was shown to exert antioxidant activity at low concentration but display pro-oxidant effect at concentration higher than 0.1 mM [ 24].
While they are always toxic, they can also exert pathophysiological effects at low concentrations and play an etiological role in human disease.
Genistein also exerts estrogenic activity at low concentrations, leading to a concentration-dependent preferential activation of PPARγ or estrogen receptor, translating into opposite effects on osteogenesis and adipogenesis [135].
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