For a monolayer sheet to migrate cohesively, it has long been suspected that each constituent cell must exert physical forces not only upon its extracellular matrix but also upon neighboring cells.
Almost 400 years after Hooke's original discoveries, the field is now poised to detail precisely how cells exert physical forces as well as how physical forces alter signaling within cells, a process known as mechanotransduction.
The long retractable polymers that emanate from the bodies of these bacteria, named type IV pili, enable them to exert physical forces reaching the nanoNewton range on their surroundings, the same amplitude of forces that mammalian cells exert on their own surroundings [ 24].
Past-season base hits exert no physical force on subsequent balls in the field of play.
Mr Lincoln, by a rare combination of qualities patience, sagacity, and honesty by a still more rare sympathy, not with the best of his nation but the best average of his nation, and by a moderation rarest of all, had attained such vast moral authority that he could make all the hundred wheels of the Constitution move in one direction without exerting any physical force.
Many of the effects exerted by physical forces on cellular physiology remain unclear.
It's a story of trauma — of a gender-centered trauma involving the physical force exerted by males (of any age) against females — and of that trauma's enduring power in the life of a woman who hasn't acknowledged it, faced it, and worked through it.
These conditions will lead me to think about pressure and the continuous physical force exerted on or against an object by something in contact with it for example.
The cross-linking pattern can also be determined by the maturation/turnover rate of tissues [ 14– 18], the details of molecular packing structure [ 18– 20], and the physical force exerted on the tissue [ 21].
The results of our study indicate that during plant-pathogen interactions, the basal defence response may be induced by the plant's perception of the physical force exerted by the pathogen as it attempts to invade the epidermal cell surface.
