Despite high selective pressures exerted by the obligatory killing parasite, and host- and parasite-specific mortality profiles, no general pattern of local adaptation was observed, but one case of parasite maladaptation was consistently observed on both coevolved and control host populations.
Collectively, these studies indicate that, similar to the mouse studies, the presence of WT hSOD1 is not obligatory for the mutant protein to exert toxicity.
When these feelings heighten around emotionally intense issues, they can exert coercive pressure on clinical decision-making with an obligatory quality that is difficult to resist.
Insofar as acts of gratitude must be done from natural inclination, the argument goes, such acts cannot be done by exerting an effort of will, and thus cannot be morally obligatory (Card 1988; Wellman 1999b).
The adverbial verbs in (13) entertain lexical prefixes that exert a verb-classifying function, and the occurrence of the AV-only linker 'i' NF is obligatory.
But the duty of exerting the power thus conferred in all its plenitude was not [p383] made at once obligatory, but was wisely left to depend upon the discretion of Congress as to the arising of the exigencies which would call it in part or in whole into play.
Other CdLS-related HDAC8 mutations exert a more direct effect on catalysis, such as the H180R mutation that removes a protein ligand to the catalytically obligatory Zn2+ ion.
This prediction is consistent with the general observation that obligatory sex is more common, whereas sexual selection is often stronger, among animals than among plants: Plants do exert intense selection on pollen, which is indicative of the quality of gametes as well as the ability of the mate to produce gametes that are effectively dispersed [ 34, 35].
Although completing the e-modules is obligatory, and completion is checked in the electronic learning environment before each training session, no control is exerted as to how thoroughly the students study the issues addressed.
