However, the effect of some genetic variants is only exerted in combination with environmental or other genetic risk factors [38].
Furthermore, miRs exert control in combination with other regulatory elements such as transcription factors [8].
Recently, lapatinib has been shown to exert beneficial effects in combination with capecitabine in patients with HER2-positive advanced breast cancer that has progressed after prior treatment with an anthracycline, a taxane, and trastuzumab [9].
There was no evidence that any of the compounds could act as an antiestrogen in this assay or that they could exert synergistic effects in combination.
It is difficult to ascertain the independent effect of closely linked factors, e.g. race, insurance and socio-economic status, which are more likely to exert their effects in combination.
In summary, besides conventional chemotherapy and proteasome inhibition, several novel, more-selective pharmacological approaches are at hand, which exert promising preclinical activity in combination with TRAIL.
Furthermore, we show that these agents, alone or in combination, exert their effect on cell growth via retinoid receptor-independent mechanisms.
Disease mutations in RPGR 1– 19, RPGR ORF15, or RID of RPGRIP1α 1, singly or in combination, exert distinct effects on the subcellular targeting, co-localization or tethering of RPGRIP1α1 with RPGR1 19 or RPGRORF15 in kidney, photoreceptor and hepatocyte cell lines.
We report that these compounds in combination exert a variable antiproliferative effect across multiple breast cell lines, which is synergistic in SK-BR-3 cells and triggers cell signaling events not predicted by the activity of either compound alone.
Additionally, the genomic influence on longevity that is exerted by both parents in combination, as appears to be the case in males, may be particularly important for the transmission of recessive genes.
