Although heat already exerts a toll on the population in terms of increased morbidity and mortality (and decreased comfort and productivity), the impact may be even greater in the coming decades because the aging population will result in more people at high risk.
"The automatic spending cuts ('sequester') not only exert a heavy toll on growth in the short term but the indiscriminate reductions in education, science and infrastructure spending could also reduce medium-term potential growth," said the IMF.
Those policies exert a heavy toll on individuals who still have much to contribute to society, he tells ScienceInsider.
These results have thus provided a window for their exploitation as drug candidates against parasitic diseases such as malaria, leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis that continue to exert a negative toll on our population.
In Uganda, the HIV epidemic continues to exert a high toll on children.
"In addition to the immediate threat of bodily harm and death, violence can exert a cumulative toll on entire communities.
Despite recent strides in disease prevention and control, the Plasmodium falciparum human malaria parasite continues to exert a huge toll in terms of morbidity and mortality (Murray et al., 2012).
However, according to the WHO, chronic diseases exert a huge toll, with LMICs contributing 80% of global non-communicable disease deaths, including those resulting from tobacco use and secondhand smoke exposure.
Five years of punishing austerity – the price of two bailouts worth €240bn – have already exerted a heavy toll in the form of record levels of poverty, unemployment and an unprecedented drop in GDP.
Their defensive effort was epitomised by the way Te'o felled the burly Jamie George, but almost constant defence exerted a physical toll and either side of the interval the Warriors conceded penalties for trying to relieve the onslaught by doing whatever it took to slow down the ball at the ruck.
