Not only has Apple sold tens of millions of iPhones, it has pulled off a stunningly successful exercise in design democracy whereby thousands of D.I.Y. designers have developed applications, or programs, for them.
Ms. Newbold described the cars as a tortuous exercise in design.
It provides students from universities around the world with a real-life exercise in design and manufacture and the business side of automotive engineering.
Thompson, who wears an orange waste water collection department shirt and blue trousers to work, and whose painted fingernails are an extraordinary exercise in design creativity, got so upset by the cuts, and by proposals to eliminate more jobs, that she recently attended a city council meeting and plucked up the courage to address the gathering of political leaders.
The chunk of mobile progress that Nissan calls the Terra S.U.V. is a conceptual exercise in design and technology, with square wheel arches, slits for headlamps and windows, and a battering-ram front end that makes the nose of the company's bulbous Juke appear more quaint than quirky.
Moving on from the 25 T involved a fairly explicit exercise in design.
It would be equally pointless to see urban design as an auto-referential exercise in design, separate or alternative to planning practices, whether it adopts the simplified canons of new urbanism, or any other ready-made model, from the famous and influential ideal-types of the garden city and the radiant city (Fishman 2011).
It looks like someone carried out an exercise in designing a car with just a compass and a ruler, no rogue curves in it.
"It basically turned into a two-year exercise in designing as a group and getting feedback on my ideas," he recalls today.
The essential insight here is that regulation isn't just a mathematical exercise in designing price schedules that lead to efficiency.
