Scientists advocating the ecological approach developed the problem formulation and option assessment (PFOA) tool, based on stock-taking exercises, stakeholder consultation and broader public participation procedures [47].
There was also a need for a consultation exercise with stakeholders.
This would involve conceptual mapping of the field, a review of the literature, a review of the e-health policy context and a consultation exercise with stakeholders.
In the event two scoping exercises were commissioned: the first examined the e-health context and undertook a consultation exercise with stakeholders [ 44]; the second provided the conceptual map of the field and included a review of the literature [ 45].
A policy implementation perspective presents classical success and failure factors, such as the capacity of the implementing local government, the availability of information, the beliefs held by the participants in the implementation process, and the power exercised by stakeholders.
As already implied, such type of tasks exercised by stakeholders practicing technological deployments should be considered and coordinated with other efforts dealing with pedagogical design (Petrova and Li 2009).
As part of the exercise, system stakeholder networks were mapped at baseline and at the 2-year follow-up.
The toolkit has excellent inter-rater reliability and since items were derived from the results of a systematic literature review, Delphi exercises with stakeholder groups in a diverse range of countries, and a review of care standards in each country, the toolkit is able to deliver comprehensive assessment of units in countries at different stages of deinstitutionalisation.
This has been done through, for instance, priority-setting exercises, where multiple stakeholders convene and use tested methods to deliberate, weigh, balance and rank competing priorities in health research.
This was followed by the scenario building exercise, in which stakeholders created four scenarios for the Doñana SES towards the year 2035.
