Prior to randomization, participants completed 2 weeks of diet and exercise self-monitoring and successfully completed a maximal graded treadmill test to assess ability to exercise safely.
Patient-level interventions are focused on the improvement of DSM, tackling aspects such as medication intake, diet, exercise, self-monitoring, and the appropriate use of health care services (10).
This included advice on lifestyle, dietary counseling, physical exercise, self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG), the importance of controlling cholesterol and blood pressure, and prevention of acute and chronic complications.
We examined whether the association between depression and worse self-care varied as a function of the type of self-care assessed (i.e., composite measure of multiple self-care behaviors, medical appointment attendance, diet, medication adherence, exercise, self-monitoring of blood glucose, foot care).
Self-efficacy/empowerment was assessed using Self efficacy-plate model [ 32]; Diabetes empowerment scale [ 38, 45]; Self efficacy scores for diet, exercise, self-monitoring, oral glycaemic agents, insulin [ 47]; Confidence to overcome challenges [ 50] and Sallies self-efficacy for diet and exercise [ 50].
Consequently, the intervention programme should encourage this group to be more physically active through specific group exercise, to self-monitor their health condition and to provide more detailed health information.
Women were encouraged to set achievable goals for dietary and exercise change, supported to make these lifestyle changes, and asked to self monitor their progress through the use of a work book provided.
Providers identify the following information priorities for patients: integrated knowledge acquisition about the nature of the disease, medications used and how they work, lifestyle factors (diet, nutrition, exercise), self-care, monitoring procedures, underlying processes of diabetes, and the relationship between diabetes symptoms, medication, and long term consequences [ 19, 20, 75, 82].
Generally the questions were divided into sections; (a) general diabetes information (eg. signs and symptoms, risk factors, pathophysiology, diabetes complications, hypoglycaemia) and (b) self-care practices (healthy eating, exercise, foot care, self-monitoring blood glucose).
The "Pregnancy Record" provided women with a workbook tool in which to record their dietary and exercise goals, and to self-monitor their progress.
Tools provided to support planning and self monitoring of exercise performance.
