According to H. H. Scullard, however, Augustus's power was based on the exercise of "a predominant military power and ... the ultimate sanction of his authority was force, however much the fact was disguised".
"We put these four countries on notice by naming them as having child soldiers, and thereby making them automatically subject to sanctions, absent the exercise of a presidential waiver," said Tommy Vietor, a White House spokesman.
A more persuasive analysis of freedom of speech suggests that the threat of a sanction makes it more difficult and potentially more costly to exercise our freedom.
(a) Appellate courts must review the selection of a sanction under an abuse-of-discretion standard, since, in directing the district court to impose an "appropriate" sanction, Rule 11 itself indicates that that court is empowered to exercise its discretion.
Specifically, we estimate the effect of a sanction on those individuals who are not sanctioned by an agency with a cautious sanction policy, but who would be sanctioned if the agency decided to impose sanctions more frequently.
Using Z1 as an instrument, the estimate of θ depicts the LATE of a sanction on those individuals who are sanctioned in an agency that frequently imposes sanctions and who would not be sanctioned in another (more reserved) agency.
Specifically, we estimate the effect of a sanction on individuals who are not sanctioned in a welfare agency with a moderate sanction policy, but who would be sanctioned if the agency would change its policy and would impose sanctions more frequently.
In other words, it measures the impact of a sanction on those individuals who would be sanctioned if the welfare agency decided to change its sanction strategy from a more reserved one to a strict one.
Microsoft has little choice but to engage in what it regards as the unpalatable exercise of recommending sanctions against itself.
As a result, an organization's "personality" may be more important to performance and motivation than the exercise of rewards and sanctions.
Maintenance of sanctions also includes designing exemptions to certain areas of business during the lifetime of a sanctions regime.
