The statute refers to appointees "on the policymaking level," not to appointees "who make policy". It may be sufficient that the appointee is in a position requiring the exercise of discretion concerning issues of public importance.
If people don't have a common understanding of the shared business aims, they won't be able to exercise proper discretion concerning which actions are appropriate to take.
Under the above regime, states have much discretion concerning how to accomplish this.
"Concerning our superiors, we do not exercise discretion; rather, we express respect.
Concerning our inferiors, we do not exercise discretion; rather, we exercise goodness and indulgence, especially when we abstain from doing something pleasing to us but displeasing to them" [MM, p.613].
The question is at last one of classification of subjects, trades, or pursuits, for the purpose of taxation, and concerns the power of the states to exercise discretion in the methods, subjects, and rates of taxation.
In the present context phronesis points the attention to the cultivation and nurturement of the researcher's formation as a type of engagement with the actual practice of researching, a practice in which researchers (and other parties concerned) are called to apply judgment and exercise discretion in specific and often unique situations without the re-assuring viewpoint of the technician.
Even insiders, however, exercise discretion.
"If somebody tells you how to exercise discretion," he said, "you don't have discretion".
There is evidence that many hospitals exercise discretion.
The bartenders exercise discretion in serving customers who they feel have had enough to drink.
