Miller-Tydings Act of 1937, U.S. federal legislation that exempted retail price-maintenance agreements (also known as fair-trade laws or fair-trade provisions) in interstate commerce from federal antitrust laws.
Second, even those emergency price caps are full of loopholes, offering extensive opportunities for what Mr. Wolak calls "megawatt laundering" -- selling power to affiliated companies that for one reason or another are exempted from the price controls (for example, the controls do not apply to "imports" from neighboring states), then selling it back into the California market.
Mr. Franks of Saks said entire categories of items would be exempted from the price recommendation system since, for example, "a lot of the designer merchandise" is so unusual that it would be difficult for the software to accurately predict pricing and demand.
On improved properties in those towns, the first $250,000 of the purchase price is exempted and on vacant property the exemption is $150,000.
Drugs priced below 30percentnt of the reference price are exempted from regular co-payments.
In other green initiatives, the government has exempted from the carbon floor price electricity produced by combined heat and power plants, which some manufacturers use.
In a order posted on its Web site, the F.C.C. exempted the two companies from price caps and other so-called dominant-carrier rules on long-distance service.
The CBI said that energy-intensive companies should be exempted from the carbon floor price, and that EU state aid could be used to "create a level playing field so that all member states are able to protect the competitiveness of their energy intensive industries equally".
Toren was not exempt from price cuts, he said, but did well by entering the market slightly later than its neighbors, with prices set accordingly.
Many municipalities have recently sold their energy utilities to private or state owned commercial actors, thus creating private monopolies exempt from price regulations.
