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Finally, we predicted abnormal middle-frontal cortex activation during the decision, but not the encoding phase if executive difficulties [23], [24] contribute to timing deficits in PD.
Recent research has also established that executive difficulties are present following early brain insult to any region of the brain it does not need to be a frontal lesion for executive deficits to be seen.
To overcome these executive difficulties, the individual has to activate his or her volitional competencies, i.e., "the cognitive and emotional processes that govern actual control over behavioural enactment" [ 11], such as attention control, motivation control, emotion control, self-determination, planning, action initiating, impulse control or volitional optimism [ 12].
However, it is not possible to separate the effects of executive difficulties and ADHD symptoms if using the BRIEF and this is important, especially as children with poor executive functioning are at increased risk of academic failure even though they do not have ADHD (e.g., Diamantopoulou, Rydell, Thorell, & Bohlin, 2007).
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Mr. Moinian is far from the only real estate executive facing difficulties as office vacancies rise and property values decline.
The current study assessed the psychometric properties and diagnostic specificity of a brief neuropsychological screening battery designed to assess core signs of depression; psychomotor retardation, attention and executive functioning difficulties, and impaired emotion perception within an outpatient psychiatry setting.
These executive functioning difficulties are clearly evident to parents and teachers but may not be identified by children themselves.
Williams et al. (2012) found that children with moyamoya vasculopathy are also at risk for intellectual and executive function difficulties, regardless of history of stroke or silent stroke.
Williams et al. (2012) found that children with moyamoya vasculopathy were at risk for both intellectual and executive function difficulties, as measured by parent- and teacher-rated BRIEFs.
School-age IUGR preterm-born children are characterized by a range of mental control and executive function difficulties that include poor planning, problem solving, and impaired inhibitory controls, all of which are core abilities associated with poor educational performance [ 24, 25].
AEG executives acknowledged difficulties with All Points West and indicated that it would need an overhaul to continue.
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