Countries that have prosecuted former officials exhibit lower levels of torture, summary execution, forced disappearances and political imprisonment.
Civilians say they were subjected to hooding, beating, threats of rape and execution, forced nakedness and maintaining stress positions, violence against wives and children, ritual humiliation.
As one of the first companies to recognize the power and efficiency of electronic trading, Mr. Madoff's stock-trading operation was able to offer deep discounts and quick execution, forcing the older exchanges to compete.
He is a truly hybrid Cambodian-American — a survivor of the atrocities of the Khmer Rouge period, when 1.7 million people died by execution, forced labor and starvation from 1975 to 1979; then a mail carrier for 22 years near Long Beach, California; and now one of a trickle of refugees who continue to return to restart life in the land they once fled.
Although these are valid concerns, they are not on the same scale of fear of execution, forced labor, or torture experienced by migrants in Libya.
"Persons who are forcibly repatriated from China are commonly subjected to torture, arbitrary detention, summary execution, forced abortion and other forms of sexual violence.
(Would their constituents really be better off represented by people who oppose progressive taxation, public health care, and environmental regulation?) The tactical retreat of the anti-execution forces echoes the tactical retreat of the anti-abortion forces.
But that effort backfired when the officials returned home with tales of extortion of businesses, summary executions, forced recruitment of teenagers and other guerrilla abuses.
"Credible sources indicate that violations of human rights include arbitrary detention, torture, summary executions, forced labor, forced conscription and restrictions to freedom of movement, expression, assembly and religion," Ms. Pillay said.
The UN has said it found evidence "strongly indicating" torture, executions, forced disappearances and sexual abuse committed by Sri Lankan security forces against the country's Tamil ethnic minority, who were fighting a separatist war.
