One of the seminal works addressing this concern was IBM's autonomic computing initiative [2], which introduced a layer implementing what is known as the MAPE-K control loop to monitor, analyze, plan, and execute adaptation (with a knowledge base that supports the different activities in the control loop) for the purpose of managing a target system.
IM Adapt guides researchers and practitioners in selecting an EBI, making decisions about whether and what to adapt, and executing the adaptation while guarding the EBI's essential elements (those responsible for effectiveness).
As a result, besides the regular components of the system, the designed architectures must include components that enable self-awareness capabilities, such as monitoring and analyzing its own current state, as well planning and executing self-adaptation actions.
It was vital for the management to be present at all times in order to mediate and execute minor adaptations and to make sure that all team members complied with the negotiated routines.
For example, Lee and colleagues assess differences between the new population and the original population, execute content adaptation and pretesting, and plan an evaluation of an adapted EBI.
Delicate insulin dose adaptations were to be performed exclusively by ICU nurses who were especially trained to implement this complex strategy (that is, executing insulin dose adaptations), while based on a guideline, aiming for blood glucose levels close to the lower normal limit, and also requiring a high level of intuitive decision making.
A component targeting sensor virtualization, which is programmable at runtime and is able to execute different adaptation schemes that may change during the application lifetime, is presented in [9].
In order to identify that if UE needs CoMP assistance from neighbor cell and executes adaptive link adaptation when the neighbor cell mutes certain RBs then each UE needs channel state information (CSI) under two hypothesizes.
Results on IBM Blue Gene/P and Cray XE6 computers show that the use of neighborhood-based communication control leads to scalable results when executing generally imbalanced mesh adaptation runs.
In the case of Znn.com, Rainbow is capable of analysing trade-offs among the different objectives and executes different adaptations according to the particular run-time conditions of the system.
A key component that enables self-adaptive systems to handle changes at run-time (e.g. repairing anomalies and improving operation) is a controller that relies on a feedback control loop for managing adaptations [1] by executing actions through system-level effectors on the target system, based on information monitored by probes.
