Model operations are aimed to monitor some system parameters or execute some management tasks.
Respondents rated their degree of certainty in their ability to correctly execute 10 diabetes management tasks (e.g., adjust insulin when eating more/less than usual) on a 10-point Likert scale ranging from "not sure at all" to "completely sure".
To evaluate the performance of our approach, we develop Java and QVT programs to execute two groups of management tasks, respectively based on the management interfaces or the runtime model.
Typical IAM systems consist of three fundamental components (Fig. 1): IAM data stored in the infrastructure, tool-supported functionalities for executing and automating user management tasks and policies structuring the management of the overall IAM system itself [27].
A company needs enough sales managers to ensure that all key people, customer, and business management tasks get executed well.
Finally, management tasks are carried out through executing operating programs on the customized model, which could benefit from many model-centric analyzing or planning methods and mechanisms such as model checkers [17].
Thus, all the management tasks could be carried out through executing programs on the customized model.
Thus, administrators could focus on the core of management logics and all the management tasks could be carried out through executing operating programs on the customized model, which greatly reduces the workload of hand coding.
Furthermore, complex management tasks could be carried out through executing operating programs on the customized model, which may benefit from existing model-centric analyzing or planning methods and mechanisms.
Management tasks may be assigned to an agent, which delegates and executes management logic in a distributed and autonomous fashion.
Table 3 Comparison of performance between management interfaces and the runtime model Management tasks The number of the appliance Management interfaces Runtime model Execution time (second) Execution time (second) Monitoring 5 1.2 2.6 20 4.2 8.5 100 20 37 Executing 1 0.2 0.5 5 1.0 1.7 20 4.0 6.1.
