A pair of anal vesicles with an excretory function arises from the end of the intestine.
The mature gametes are taken up by ciliated funnels of the anterior nephridia, which lose their excretory function.
Thus, urine, as the precursor of these chemical sex attractants in insects, functions for display purposes, which is far removed from its basic excretory function.
In placental mammals a special duct, the urethra, leads from the urinary bladder to the exterior; it fulfills the excretory function of the more primitive cloaca.
Diverticulosis, in which the inner lining of the large intestine protrudes out through the surrounding muscular layer, occurs in more than 50 percent of persons by age 80. Excretory function diminishes because of a decrease in kidney mass and in the number of functioning nephrons.
The Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System (MARS) is an albumin-based dialysis system designed to enhance the excretory function of a failing liver.
Thus, animals in general respond to an increase in protein intake with a change in excretory function such as to increase the clearance of the major nitrogenous end-products of protein metabolism.
A hypothesis is put forward that ammonia itself is a regulatory molecule and an important signal communicating between amino acid catabolism following an increase in protein intake and the sequence of events leading to a change in excretory function.
The renal medulla receives only 10% of the total blood flow to the kidney, but the structure and functions of its microcirculation appear to be important for the control of renal excretory function.
In clinical studies, low-dose ANP infusion after cardiovascular surgery enhanced the renal excretory function, decreased the probability of dialysis, and improved the dialysis-free survival in ischemic acute renal failure [12]-[14] [12]-[14]
18F-FDGal PET/CT quantifies the cytosolic metabolic function in hepatocytes in terms of galactokinase capacity whereas methods such as 99mTc-mebrofenin SPECT and Gd-EOB-DTPA MRI assess the uptake and excretory function of the hepatocytes and not metabolism [15].
