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The efficacy of such approaches thus becomes limited in the study of complex phenotypes, in which the association between the gene and disease may not be one of direct or exclusive causation.
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Because the definition of a disease cause given above affords the existence of mutually exclusive conditions, in a strict sense, causation can be indicated only by (experimental) production and control of all (relevant) conditions.
The issue is causation".
Causation goes both ways.
"Coincidence, coevolution, or causation?
Obviously, correlation is not causation.
World Exclusive!
Coincidence is not causation.
How exclusive?
A'Today' exclusive".
That is the doctrine of causation.
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