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On this account, patriotism is associated with the exclusive attachment to one's own culture and thus stands in opposition to cosmopolitanism and cultural assimilation.
It is against this virtual monopoly that a new generation of earnestly authentic (and more expensive) restaurants, boasting their exclusive attachment to Mughlai, Goan or Keralan cuisines, have had to do battle for the hearts and minds of British diners.
This association between patriotism and the exclusive attachment to one's nation has led critics to view the sentiment of patriotic pride as morally dangerous, giving rise to a chauvinism that is incompatible with cosmopolitan aspirations and the recognition of the equal moral worth of all human beings.
The idea of exclusive care or exclusive attachment to a preferred figure, rather than a hierarchy (subsequently thought to be the case within developments of attachment theory) had not been borne out by research and this view placed too high an emotional burden on the mother.
An interesting result highlighted that if the previous relationship dated back to more than four years, in men we observe a trend towards higher values of anxious attachment, whereas in women there is an increase of exclusive attachment.
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The cosmopolitan position in both of these kinds of disputes rejects exclusive attachments to a particular culture.
We know that among the three constructs that compose dependence (exclusive dependency, attachment anxiety, and emotional dependency), the last one refers to basic need for protection and support and is expressed as a need of intimate relationship as essential to self-esteem, identity, and overall functioning of the person.
It aims at evaluating anxious attachment, exclusive dependency, and emotional dependency as components of the construct of interpersonal dependence in the couple.
The comparison between geographical areas has shown that higher values of emotional dependency in men and higher values of exclusive dependence and attachment anxiety in women are recorded in Southern Italy.
The three subscales are (1) anxious attachment, (2) exclusive dependency, and (3) emotional dependency.
A slight negative correlation was found between anxious attachment and exclusive dependency (r = −0.10, P < 0.01).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com