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These studies were limited to the association between temperature and mortality, excluding rainfall.
Drought stress was applied by excluding rainfall, by growing saplings in a 9 m wide and 58 m long greenhouse.
These studies were limited to examine associations between mortality and temperature, excluding rainfall and extreme weather events.
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To investigate the seasonality of rainfall, excluding daily rainfall variations, pentad rainfall data were calculated when missing data of one pentad were less than 1 day.
In analyses for rainfall events, rainfall period (RP) was defined as the period excluding short no-rainfall periods within an event, and rainfall intensity (RFI) was as RF/RP.
However, for 9 of 12 years for which we have rainfall data (1997 2009 excluding 2008 when data were unavailable), mean annual rainfall was lower than the long-term mean (Fig. S1).
The study was based on two different experiments conducted in Southern Brazil, one using sprinkler irrigation to supplement rainfall and the other using drip irrigation with precipitation excluded by a rainfall shelter to simulate cultivation under dry conditions.
The major ecological factors differentiating the northern (P3, P4, and P5) and southern (P1 and P2) populations, excluding geographic distance, were average annual rainfall and soil type.
Populations from Turkey including W. Siverek, E. Siverek, and N. Diyarbakir with many missing data and Mt. Hermon, a cold desert with the highest rainfall were excluded from this analysis in order to minimize the errors or the bias caused by extreme climate conditions.
Therefore, we carefully checked all reports (n = 292) and excluded events not caused by rainfall (almost no rainfall during mass movements).
Since summer rainfall and rainfall variability in the WRZ are typically low compared to the SRZ (and would therefore influence the slope of the lines and strength of the correlations) relationships were assessed whilst excluding WRZ populations.
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