Exact(2)
This is followed by area sources (7% including diesel particulates and 36% excluding diesel particulates) and then major point sources that contribute less on average to the overall cancer risk burden (1.3% including diesel particulates and 7% excluding diesel particulates).
Among source contributions, mobile sources make the most significant contribution to estimated cancer risk (on average, 88.3% of total risk with diesel particulates included and 35.7% excluding diesel particulates).
Similar(57)
Their calculations are based on three years' ownership, doing 12,000 miles a year, and excludes diesel versions.
In December, supermarket fuel retailers cut petrol to under £1 per litre for the first time since 2009 – excluding promotions – and last week diesel passed the same figure.
The rural population more frequently reported spending time near gas or diesel powered equipment, excluding vehicles, (16.9 %) compared to the urban population (5.2 %) (p < 0.001); this difference was maintained with adjustment for education, gender, age and SES.
But the study was criticized for excluding dioxins and the parts of diesel exhaust that are believed to cause cancer.
where c m,a is the mitigation costs of alternative a; TCO e,a is the total costs of ownership, excluding taxes, of alternative a [€/pkm]; TCO e,r is the total costs of ownership, excluding taxes, of reference (diesel car) [€/pkm]; e r is the emissions of reference (diesel car) [t CO2-Eq/pkm]; and e a is the emissions of alternative a [t CO2-Eq/pkm].
We repeated all analyses excluding one outlier high-exposure day, because FA animals may also have experienced significant gaseous exposures that day, if driven by unusual local source activity (e.g., idling diesel vehicles).
(iii) Workers with less than 1-year diesel exposure were excluded from the total cohort as outlined in the protocol.
As mentioned above, diesel exhaust was excluded from the cancer risk estimation because of the lack of EPA consensus on a cancer risk estimate.
An added sweetener for American manufacturers and trade unions was to exclude credits for the extremely frugal diesel engines that European carmakers have spent billions perfecting.
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