This excludes farmers operating on distant plots as well as non-agricultural actors such as beekeepers [13].
A statistical analysis, with a proxy for public TCs, is combined with an analysis of stakeholder perceptions (excluding farmers) concerning public TC influencing factors.
Each consumer can choose to be the last link in a "virtuous" value chain by picking a coffee clearly marked "Fair Trade"... Okay...feeling pretty zenny......or they can choose a similar product that is not certified "Fair Trade," and thereby become the final link in an exploitive value chain that largely excludes farmers in favor of distributors.
However, the cohort recruitment methods employed in both countries were likely to exclude farmers.
For example, mortality studies run a potential risk of excluding farmer "spouses" from their samples, as many who do engage in farm work may not be identified as farmers on their death certificates, substantially deflating the number of women cases identified through surveillance programs.
Forty-six farms were excluded; 24 farmers did not respond or could not specify the use of milk replacers; and 22 farms had either closed or farmers did not respond for miscellaneous reasons.
Finally, it cannot be completely excluded that farmers in eastern Ontario have different social contacts or sources of information than producers in the western part of the province, and would consequently have a different sensitivity or threshold to declare herds PCVAD-positive.
As this is an area of extremely low transmission, more than one infectious bite within 1 month is unlikely, though it cannot be excluded as farmers often stay overnight in their forest fields, where they are at higher risk of exposure to the main vector, Anopheles dirus (44, 45).
To exclude hobby farmers, only sheep farmers who had ten or more breeding sheep were considered for selection.
Due to a very skewed gender distribution in the two groups of farmers it was decided to exclude female farmers from the main analysis to avoid gender bias as a former study did show significant differences between Bolivian male and female farmers regarding pesticide handling and symptoms [ 23].
