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Cost of exchanging power with the main AC grid.
MG can keep real-time supply demand balance by exchanging power with main grid and coordinating controllable generation units, loads, and ES.
4) Cost of exchanging power with the main AC grid Because energy can flow bi-directionally during grid-connected operation between a DC microgrid and the main grid, the cost of power exchanged should be added to the total cost calculated by the EMS.
The cost of exchanging power with the main grid can be expressed as follows: C_{text{grid}}^{t} = left{ {begin{array}{*{20}l} {P_{text{con}}^{t} C_{text{purc}}^{t} } hfill & {P_{text{con}}^{t} ge 0} hfill {P_{text{con}}^{t} C_{text{sale}}^{t} } hfill & {P_{text{con}}^{t} < 0} hfill end{array} } right.
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It can also exchange power with upstream network.
Under normal conditions, they are connected to medium voltage grid and could exchange power with the main grid.
Considering the imposed window for the ESS State-Of-Charge (SOC), the MPC can be connected to renewable plug-in Charging Stations (PCSs) to exchange power with Electric Power (EP) system, when it is necessary for both.
Taking in account the imposed window for the ESS state-of-charge, the MPC can be connected to Plug-in Charging Stations (PCS) to exchange power with the Electric Power (EP) system, which will include renewable Distributed Generation (DG) systems.
Power conditioning system (PCS) is an electric power device, which is used to exchange power energy with the power grid.
The Individual Battery Control Unit receives instruction from the Aggregator Control Units about the time and quantity that the individual battery exchanges power with the grid, which it then implements.
When the fluctuation in cooling load, electrical load and PV become increase, the exchange power with the main grid will change with the system electric power fluctuation, which have impacts on the superior grid.
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