Isolated mixing regions (IMRs) are fluid regions that may or may not have interior mixing and are usually located far away from boundaries; however, they do not exchange material with regions of active global mixing and they therefore present a substantial obstacle to global mixing.
Such systems exchange material with each other following certain rules [ 75].
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02257.009 Interestingly, in contrast to stationary focal adhesions, disassembling focal-adhesions might exchange material with the cytosol in an asymmetric manner.
The electrodeposition of copper into ion-exchange materials with different ionogenic groups is studied.
The efficiency of the use of ion exchangers in some instances can be substantially improved by tailored modification of commercially available ion exchange materials with, for example, functional metal nanoparticles (FMNPs) [1].
Living cells, for example, are open systems maintaining themselves by exchanging materials with their environment.
If the transplanted cells are exchanging genetic material with the original cells, for example, essential genes could be shut off or potentially harmful ones could be turned on.
Within a pig, the virus can exchange genetic material with other native viruses, resulting in an amplified and human-ready pathogen.
