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"The exchange systems out there weren't industrial strength," he said.
It requires a huge bureaucracy to monitor all transactions, thus inhibiting the plethora of new exchange systems.
These involve heat exchange systems – using "waste" heat from one part of the process to feed into another part – better insulation and faster drying speeds.
Think Local Exchange Trading Systems in the 1980s, Time Banking in the 90s, and "transition currencies" such as the Brixton Pound or online community exchange systems more recently.
One obstacle to the rapid uptake of gift exchange systems therefore is a cultural expectation that offering something requires an immediate return.
But first-contact cultures had more accurate weapons, were active in managing the land, frequently engaged in warfare and had complex exchange systems.
Such devices, together with fast exchange systems for casting tubes, tundishes, and ladles, permit sequential heats to be cast without stopping the caster sometimes for several days.
As I read their book, I was reminded of "The Gift," Lewis Hyde's classic study of exchange systems in so-called "primitive" cultures.
In a study of social exchange systems like Facebook, when people were told that their networks liked the content they were sharing, they shared more.
Similar(2)
The reversibility of ion-exchange reactions greatly affects the behaviour of ion-exchange systems.
Recirculation facilities are often very elaborate, using fast vessel-exchange systems or even two operating vessels at one station to achieve high production rates.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com