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In addition, peer coaches would undoubtedly benefit from more hands-on training, with particular attention paid to practicing how to scaffold learning with their students (Kulatunga and Lewis, 2013) and using role-playing strategies to practice encouraging exchange of reasoning.
The highest-scoring discussions, level 3, feature multiple students linking evidence to a claim with logical reasoning, while the lowest-scoring discussions involve no exchange of reasoning although they usually involve exchanges of claims.
Discussions that involved an exchange of reasoning (levels 2 and 3) devoted a significantly higher percent of the discussion to reasoning and also had significantly more turns of talk, compared with level 0/1 discussions (Table 5).
We found evidence of coconstruction in more than three-quarters of these discussions, which exhibited either an exchange of reasoning (level 2) or an exchange of warrants (level 3).
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To understand more about the nature of student discussion, we characterized each transcript, using seven global codes that reveal how students use reasoning and questioning: Exchange of Quality Reasoning, Reasoning about Multiple Answers, Hedging a Reason, using Analogy or Example, Requesting Information, Requesting Reasoning, and Requesting Feedback (each described in detail in Table 3).
Using a random call to select groups to share the outcome of their small group discussions resulted in a higher proportion of discussions that contained exchanges of reasoning compared to asking groups to volunteer to share their ideas (Knight et al. 2016).
Most of the 83 discussions were categorized into the two highest-quality reasoning levels, both of which involve exchanges of reasoning (level 3: 54%; level 2: 24%).
We found that the majority of student discussions included exchanges of reasoning that used evidence and that many such exchanges resulted in students achieving the correct answer.
With more speakers in a conversation, it is more likely that different ideas will be expressed, more questions asked, and potentially higher level exchanges of reasoning.
We found that the five questions rated as requiring LOC skills still had the potential to generate student discussion that involved exchanges of reasoning.
Exchange of Quality Reasoning characterizes reasoning and the use of "warrants" (Toulmin, 1958) as well as whether an exchange of such reasoning is occurring.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com