Each subpopulation evolves in isolation, and periodically they exchange individuals with other subpopulations.
Thus, we suggest that rubber tree plantations near Atlantic forest fragments should encourage understory development and establish a landscape mosaic, allowing forest fragments immersed in plantation matrix to be able to exchange individuals and colonize more complex plantation habitat.
For humpback whales, this could amount to 1 or 2 migrants per annum, and would suggest these populations are demographically and temporally structured on the Breeding Grounds, yet can and do readily exchange individuals [78].
During their separation, the populations exchange individuals at a rate of m12 and m21 per generation, per individual.
To study their demography, we, therefore, use a model where V villages of constant size N exchange individuals at a constant and symmetric rate m.
Thus, we introduce two categories of hosts, immune and non-immune, that interact differently with the virus and exchange individuals via immunity acquisition and decay.
The rate at which these two populations exchange individuals can be encoded in a discrete migration matrix (11) where represents the probability of an individual migrating from population 1 to population 2 at generation g (backwards in time).
We begin discussing the case of multiple populations referring to a simple scenario, where two populations of constant size N e exchange individuals at a fixed rate m per individual, per generation (see model in Fig. 2a).
The stepping stone model allows migration between adjacent populations: for example, at time t, the population 4 can exchange individuals with populations 3 or 5, but not with other populations.
