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It was suggested that during the exponential cell growth, cells excessively produced free acids 3HAs (such as 3HO, 3HD, etc)., which are secreted into medium and retake-up later for RLs syntheses (Choi et al. 2011).
Background: Increased amounts of nitric oxide (NO) in expired air and induced sputum have been found in asthmatic patients, and the role of excessively produced NO in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma is under active investigation.
Excessively produced Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) is believed to damage the colonic mucosa in patients with ulcerative colitis [21], [22].
Excessively produced, H2O2 can act as a signaling molecule by oxidizing cysteine molecules on proteins, activating several signaling pathways including MAPK, as well as several transcription factors including AP-1, p53, NF-κB, and Ets-1 [11] [15].
Ad5 fiber molecules can disrupt CAR-mediated cell-cell adhesion between airway epithelial cells thereby facilitating and increasing adenovirus spread across epithelial cell layers, which led to the hypothesis that an important function of excessively produced fiber molecules was to increase progeny adenovirus spread from infected cells to non-infected bystander cells [17].
Free radicals (ROS) are excessively produced in the pathogenesis of acute and diseases[ 19].
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In IPF, fibroblasts exhibit unregulated proliferation and differentiate into myofibroblasts, which excessively produce ECM components.
In such conditions, HSCs are activated and excessively produce ECM proteins (2-fold increase of hepatic collagen was observed).
Proximal tubular cells induced by pathological factors excessively produce and activate complement (C3) which is an essential part of the immune response to injury.
Renal I/R excessively produces ROS, causes lipid peroxidation, DNA, and protein damage, and leads to renal cell injury [ 7, 8].
Renal I/R excessively produces ROS, causes cell damage by lipid peroxidation, DNA breakdown, and protein damage, and leads to AKI [ 7, 8].
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