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To absorb the excess ozone, effluent gas was introduced into a glass bottle containing 300 mL of 2% KI solution.
However, particularly NO2 triggers excess ozone production and the NO/NO2 ratio decreased by oxidation catalysts in modern diesel cars of recent years (e.g.[50]).[50]
In Europe, WHO points to traffic-borne NO2, excess ozone and particulate matter values to some extent above dangerous levels and resulting in hundreds of thousands of premature deaths in Europe just in terms of PM[64].
To know the amount of ozone consumed, the reactor outlet gas was bubbled through a KI (2%w) tamponed solution for determining the ozone not reacted, while the potassium iodide solution reacted with the excess ozone based on the following equation (Eq. 1): {text{O}}_{ 3} + {text{ 2KI }} + {text{ H}}_{ 2} {text{O }} to {text{I}}_{ 2} + {text{ 2KOH }} + {text{ O}}_{ 2}.
Because hexane contributes to excess ozone, the Environmental Protection Agency lists it as a hazardous air pollutant.
Ethylene is often considered as the 'stress hormone', modulating multiple defense responses to stresses such as wounding, hypoxia, drought and excess ozone or salt but for example also partially controlling mycorrhizal development and colonisation [ 17],[ 21],[ 28]-[ 31].
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Nevertheless, EEA does not quantify the excess radiative effect of ozone immission in Europe according to their anthropogenic precursor emissions.
Many publications have shown that biotic and abiotic stresses, such as low and high temperatures [15] [17], UV irradiation [18], ozone [19], excess excitation energy [20], pathogen infection [19] and pesticides [21] [23] lead to the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plants.
In summary, our results showed that some of the excess mortality associated with ambient ozone could actually represent the effects of secondary sulfate particles.
Estimated risks were computed for interquartile-range (IQR) increments of ozone, and expressed as percent excess risk.
In particular, because PM and ozone are associated with mortality, the excess pollution allowed by the defeat devices may have led to more deaths than would have been expected had the defeat devices not been in place.
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