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A recent evaluation of these data demonstrated that there is a substantial excess of studies with statistically significant results, which strongly suggests the presence of selective reporting bias [22].
In line with previous results [22], our results from the high-resolution weight function point to a possible under-representation of results with standardized p-values between 0.05 and 0.01, and an excess of studies with p-values between 0.1 and 0.05.
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Various factors lead to this situation, especially an excess of study (in terms of both course content and hours), lack of time for leisure activities or relaxation, the difficulty in acquiring new content, students' demanding too much of themselves and contact with death and suffering [ 4].
Here, the small magnitude of the effect size should not be invoked as evidence of lack of protection from bias, and similarly small-study effect bias or an excess of single studies with significant findings is not an issue here, provided that there is no selective reporting of results (there is no reason for such selective reporting in a consortium).
Because the distance in the current study (4.0 m) is so far in excess of previous studies, it was expected that the goal posts would remain in far space.
The funnel plot revealed an excess of smaller studies with extreme estimates, both high and low, of VAI rate.
For both survival and volume data, the intercept of Egger regression was positive indicating an excess of small imprecise studies overstating efficacy.
It is possible that the excess of industry funded studies is less pronounced or even reversed outside the most highly reprinted papers.
In an early study of CuAAz, the metalation of apo-CuAAz by adding a 10-fold excess of CuSO4 was studied by stopped-flow UV vis spectroscopy.
Overall, no clear picture of excess risk of cancer incidence or mortality has emerged from these studies, and no cancers occurred in significant excess in the majority of studies.
More money has been spent on the presidential race so far in Pennsylvania than in any other state -- in excess of $21 million, one study indicates.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com