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Fu's FS uses information from the haplotype distribution and is particularly sensitive to population demographic expansion where low FS values indicate an excess of single substitutions usually due to expansion [42].
Unexpectedly, chromosome 16 shows an unexplained excess of single nucleotide polymorphisms and indels.
In Pseudomonas aeruginosa, we find an excess of single spacers potentially incorporated into the CRISPR locus during independent acquisition events.
In light of this, severely restricted expression of one of the still functional paralogs could also be a factor in the apparent excess of single gene families of pHaps in relation to the genomic data.
Here, the small magnitude of the effect size should not be invoked as evidence of lack of protection from bias, and similarly small-study effect bias or an excess of single studies with significant findings is not an issue here, provided that there is no selective reporting of results (there is no reason for such selective reporting in a consortium).
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Second, departures from the assumption of Poisson-distributed read depth may lead to an excess of single-read regions at high average coverage (see Figure S4).
Because spacer acquisition typically occurs one spacer at a time, whereas no known restriction on the number of spacers exists for recombination events, independent acquisitions is the more likely explanation for the excess of single-spacer ODEs in P. aeruginosa.
To allow an efficient exchange with the OA ligand, a multichelating hydrophilic ligand or an excess of single-chelating hydrophilic ligand that has stronger coordinating ability with the lanthanide ions is utilized.
We have previously shown that the C2-L1Tc promotespromothe thexchangege of strands on mismatched DNA duplexes in the presence of an excess of single-stranded complementary DNA, even though the protein has no effect on the Tm (melting temperature) of the mismatched duplex [ 22].
There is an excess of single-exon X→ relocated genes when compared with the expected counts of X→ and A→ relocated genes (Gadj = 27.4, P < 1.7 × 10−7), but there is not a significant difference between the observed and expected counts of multi-exon X→ and A→ relocated genes (Gadj = 2.38, P = 0.12).
Cryptic variation was first discovered in mammalian nuclear DNA by noting that there is an excess of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that occur at the same site in humans and chimpanzees, even when the influence of the adjacent nucleotides on the mutation rate is taken into account (Hodgkinson et al. 2009; see also Leffler et al. 2013).
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