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Excess labour was exported to Europe.
Historically, explanations of wage determination typically relied on unemployment to measure excess labour supply.
Since we opened up our borders to Eastern Europe we have an excess labour supply and a distorted market.
But in those days excess labour was relatively easily reallocated to new sectors, thanks in large part to investment in education.
Apart from its mountain of debt and the endless legal wrangles that come with it, it has to contend with overcapacity, excess labour, a lack of professional managers, a global slump in petrochemical prices and much else besides.
Back in 1882, Knut Wicksell, a Swedish economist, argued that emigration would eventually rid his country of paupers, because poverty was an effect of excess labour and insufficient land.
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Myths related to Ōjin's birth on the Korean peninsula while his mother was supposedly leading Yamato armies there, the location of the centre of power at the port of Naniwa (modern Ōsaka), Ōjin's arrival there by boat, and the awesome size of the tombs (which suggest excess slave labour available for their construction)—all these hint tantalizingly at a conquest theory.
"We need to go forward now from the age of excess under Labour.
Migration pressure is defined as excess domestic labour supply in the presence of negative per capita income differences with other countries.
The world seems to have quite a lot of excess industrial and labour market capacity.
In fact, many of his biggest troubles as prime minister have derived from an excess of New Labour orthodoxy.
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