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Recently ESAF has been used for cases of excess import costs arising from higher than usual cereal prices.
A brief inspection of the conditions outlined in Box 18 shows that the scheme has several features that limit access for cereal-importing countries: the calculation of the excess costs of the cereal imports; constraints on total drawings; repurchases of drawings; conditionalities attached to drawings; and the integration of excess import costs and excess export earnings.
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We have paid dearly for our "services" fixation, not least with a huge foreign debt attributable to excess imports of the goods we still consume.
In addition, excess cereal import costs can be covered under the facility only in conjunction with calculation of the member country's export earnings position and deduction of any export earnings excess from the excess cereal import costs.
This is a special facility designed to help countries in the case of shortfalls in their export receipts or where there are excess cereal import costs.
One way of dealing with this problem could be to tighten the quota restrictions, another would be to restrict the assistance to a proportion of excess cereal import costs.
Low-income member countries with excess cereal import costs who need balance of payments support have apparently preferred to apply for assistance under ESAF, for which IMF has concessional loans.
The amount of funds that can be made available under the facility to a member country is the smaller of the calculated excess cereal import costs, after adjustment where appropriate for higher than normal export earnings, or the member country's access limit under the facility.
CHART: Balance of Trade: The deficit is the excess of imports over exports for goods and services.
"But it is dependent on export-led growth, while Southern Europe will have a smaller excess of imports.
The annual current-account deficit -- what America has to borrow to finance its excess of imports over exports -- is a dangerously high $540 billion, or 5.1percentt of gross domestic product.
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