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Tetrapods, with the exception of mammals, utilize part of the constrictor muscle of the hyoid arch to form the depressor mandibulae, which replaces the hypobranchial muscles as the major jaw-opening muscle.
The tectum is organized as a series of layers from its outer surface to a periventricular core that is present in all vertebrates with the exception of mammals and hagfishes.
Finally, the Type IIb GnRH receptor subfamily is present in all vertebrate clades surveyed, with the exception of mammals.
This supports the idea that a high genomic recombination rate may be positively correlated with other genomic traits such as AT content, as shown for several organism groups with the exception of mammals [ 46].
In terrestrial vertebrates, with the exception of mammals, co-localization of both receptors is also observed suggesting that PAC1 and PRPR genes arose by tandem gene duplication prior to the teleost divergence and that PRPR gene was subsequently lost in the mammalian lineage.
FMRFamide was first identified in the bivalve mollusk Macracallista nimbosa by Price and Greenberg over 35 years ago (Price and Greenberg, 1977) and since then has appeared to be one of the most abundant regulatory peptides in both vertebrates and invertebrates with the notable exception of mammals where distantly related peptides are found (Fukusumi et al., 2006; Walker et al., 2009).
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With the exception of marine mammals and some domesticated ones, all other mammals consume the afterbirth - possibly to help with the bonding process.
With the exception of marine mammals such as whales, fish that bear live young (e.g., embiotocid fish), and brooders (i.e., fauna that incubate their offspring until they emerge as larvae or juveniles), most marine organisms produce a large number of offspring of which few survive.
The PTH-L gene is present throughout the vertebrates with the exception of placental mammals.
Intraspecific genetic variation of African fauna has been significantly affected by pronounced climatic fluctuations in Plio-Pleistocene, but, with the exception of large mammals, very limited empirical data on diversity of natural populations are available for savanna-dwelling animals.
All three PTH family members are present in teleost and tetrapod genomes with the exception of eutherian mammals which have lost the PTH-L gene, probably because of specific gene or genome rearrangements during the mammalian radiation.
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