The level of differentiation between individuals within populations, evaluated using Ward's agglomeration analysis [Additional Information File 2], was generally similar, except for the populations from the margins of the species' geographical range, such as GR, CY and CR1, and also LB2 and LB3.
Mitochondrial CR FST values calculated between pre- and post-El Niño samples were rather low (<0.1; see Table 2) except for the population on Marchena (FST = 0.44125, p<0.05), and are therefore in line with the FST results from the microsatellite data.
Pairwise mismatch distributions (Fig. 5) were not significantly different from values expected under a model of population expansion [ 39], except for the population at St. Paul's Rocks.
Except for the population pair CL and RL, all pairs revealed significant heterogeneity in SGS between the populations based on the multi-class test criterion (Table 4).
The ESS values were exceeding 200 for all of the tree parameters except for the population size at one node, which had an ESS of 156.
A high overall homogeneity was found among the Mediterranean populations except for the population from Morocco, which seemed to differ genetically from the rest of the populations in the Mediterranean area.
In this study, values of Fu and Li's D* based on cpDNA sequences for C. revoluta and C. taitungensis are significantly negative, except for populations IR, KO, and OK (Table 3); while Tajima's D statistics are all significantly negative, except for the population IR.
In the lowland Z. abyssinicus, most populations showed little or no divergence in acoustic parameters (except for the population from Hunters Lodge, which was represented by a limited number of recordings, N = 78).
Except for the population parameters, the data were extracted from the INKAR dataset of the Federal Institute for Research on Building, Urban Affairs and Spatial Development [ 40] for the year 2010, unless stated otherwise.
