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One important legal test of whether an excerpt exceeds fair use is if it causes financial harm to the copyright owner.
If authors are planning to use their own previously published material to an extent that exceeds fair use, they must obtain permission from the copyright holder.
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Of those securities whose carrying amount exceeded fair value at the end of September, about $800 million is at risk of turning into losses.
Oracle had contested that Google's use of its proprietary Java code exceeded fair use, and was seeking damages of up to $9bn.
The inspector general said that payments to consultants, advisers and researchers "pose a substantial risk of fraud and abuse" if the payments exceed "fair market value for the services rendered".
The US has put up its defence at the United Nations in Geneva over charges that it is guilty of widespread human rights violations, claiming that the military commissions at Guantanámo Bay meet – and exceed – fair trial standards and that agencies engaging in mass surveillance are subject to "rigorous oversight".
The other studies, of varying quality that never exceeded fair, provided a confusing picture.
If the portion that workers have already earned exceeds the fair value of the pension assets, the excess would go onto the government's balance sheet.
It may be that rue21 can service this debt, but the issue here is going to be the first certification — the test of whether rue21's debt after the transaction exceeds the fair value of rue21.
At issue is how a company should account for the premium it has paid to buy another company -- the part of the purchase price that exceeds the fair market value of the acquired company's assets.
When the sending rate of a wireless client during a sample period exceeds a fair rate, the wireless client would decrease its flow rate by adjusting the dropping probability.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com