Empirical exposure studies have shown that for some pollutants associated with traffic, such as NO2 and ultrafine particles, variation within cities may exceed variations among central monitoring locations in different cities.
Hierarchical clustering showed that the variation between cell lines exceeded variation between protocols.
AMOVA of fungal haplotype distributions showed that sequence variation between ant species (39%) barely exceeded variation within ant species (34%) (Table 2).
Cnoise is a normally-distributed population centered near 0 (i.e. Cbackground); Cfire samples are high CHARs exceeding variations in Cnoise, presumably caused by local fires.
A modification of Cochrane's Q is the measure I, which is the ratio of variation that exceeds chance variation and the total variation in the treatment effects.
Previous studies have suggested that the magnitude of inter-individual variation in telomere lengths could exceed the variation between cell types within the same individual, therefore telomere length measurement approaches should be further refined before they can be used as a tool to identify MSCs in vivo.
The literature shows that the intra- and inter-examiner variation in the interpretation of radiographs may exceed the variation of imaging techniques and diagnostic yield [12, 18, 19].
Moreover, the inter- and intra-examiner variation in the interpretation of 2D radiographs may exceed the variation in imaging techniques and diagnostic yield [12], leading to a rather examiner-dependent assessment of panoramic images.
For centroid size, the ANOVAs indicated that the variation among genotypes exceeded the variation among vials both for variation among individuals (F114, 259 = 2.08, P<0.0001) and for FA (F114, 259 = 2.26, P<0.0001).
