At JKM, the observed response spectra are almost included within the guideline spectrum (see a and b); at SNK, the estimated response spectra exceed the guideline spectrum in the natural period range from 0.1 to 1 s (see e and f).
At JKM, the observed response spectra are almost included within the guideline spectrum (see a and b); at SNK, the estimated response spectra exceed the guideline spectrum within the natural period range from 0.1 to 1 s (see e and f).
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This finding may imply that these bridges can withstand strong ground motions that somewhat exceed the design spectrum, as they did during the main shock.
Since the residual spectrum consists of the aliased signal components (and noise), one can assume that the aliasing artifacts (or noise) are audible, if the residual spectrum exceeds the auditory spectrum estimate in magnitude at any frequency.
Since the amount of spectrum consumed cannot exceed the amount of spectrum allocated for retransmissions, we have ( 1 − ω ) ( 1 − P B ) p ds N ~ r ≤ ω ( 1 − P B ) + P B. (12).
Although the estimated foreshock ground motions exceeded the design spectrum, the bridge itself was not significantly damaged by the strong ground motions.
While this rate of internal pair production is very small, there is a detectable peak of 511 keV photons which exceeds the continuous spectrum of bremsstrahlung photons and these 511 keV photons can be detected and imaged using conventional PET imaging [ 66].
As a result of the estimation, it was found that around the natural period of the elevated bridge (0.7 s), the acceleration and velocity response spectra exceeded the design response spectrum of the Specifications for Railway Structures.
