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Intrapopulation variation might, in fact, exceed divergence between species [ 61], which has been demonstrated in well-sampled groups with reliable independent datasets for species delineation such as karyology [ 13].
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Essentially, this demonstrates that divergence in the descending (motor) input to M1 exceeds divergence in the ascending (sensory) input to M1.
Even at the least conserved sites, divergence towards group M consensus exceeded divergence away from group M consensus by a factor of 3.
This difference in results may be due to a difference in power; tissue divergence exceeds species divergence, with tissue differences explaining the majority of variance in miRNA expression (fig. 1 c ).
We observed amino acid divergence exceeding nucleotide divergence in regions affected by frameshift-inducing indels, suggesting that these indels may either drive adaptive protein evolution or initiate gene degradation.
In addition, in the majority of the simulated data sets, quantitative trait divergence did not exceed the divergence in neutral markers within the first 10 generations (Fig. 4, Sim_A Sim_H).
It is noteworthy, however, that SM is compatible with there being polynomial divergence of nearby trajectories and that such divergence sometimes exceeds exponential divergence in the short run.
Our dendritic transcriptome results exceed the divergence seen in these developmentally mismatched tissues.
The finding that a notable proportion of CR1 elements in the snakes exceed 11% divergence suggests that CR1s have been active over a long time period in snake genomes, including being active in the ancestor of these two snakes.
Even with three times higher Ne or generation time, the number of shared SNPs between the studied duck species is higher than expected: the persistence times of the 5% fraction of SNPs with MAF = 0.5 for Anas acuta and Anas crecca (6.2 and 7.9 Mya) just exceed their divergence time from Anas platyrhynchos (6.4 Mya [ 22]).
Quantitative genetic divergence among populations exceeded microsatellite divergence for most sperm traits.
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