About nine in 10 of those polled said testing and exams contributed to children's stress while pressure from schools and teachers to do well, fragmented home lives and pressure to feel popular on social networking sites were among other significant factors.
The company's decision to use certain exams to determine promotions contributed to the unjust disadvantages suffered by blacks from structural and direct discrimination.
Evidence of greater student engagement and student learning (#6, Fig. 8), as seen in daily formative assessment activities and summative exams, may also have contributed to the evolution of beliefs (#9, Fig. 8).
Over-reliance on test scores creates negative incentives that he said contributed to the exam cheating scandal in Atlanta and to "narrowing the curriculum" to material appearing on tests.
But the move of some higher performing candidates to international GCSEs, and an increase in 15-year-olds entering the exam – and then performing less well – have also contributed to the dip," said Andrew Hall of the exam board AQA.
Student surveys implied that the use of homework and in-class quizzes were critical for motivation and likely contributed to the increase in student exam performance.
Leadership turnover, budget cuts to the lab and staff, old equipment, poor quality exams, lack of advocacy services and professional training all contributed to the problem, the NIJ found.
But teachers say the cutbacks have left the department out of touch with them -- and contributed to the poor design of the math exam.
A slightly difficult first exam and minor changes to the grading system may have contributed to the increase in the number of flags, he said.
Education specialists point to a combination of factors that have contributed to the decline, including the common assumption that languages are difficult, and unpredictable exam marking.
