In economic models, for example, the equilibrium price of an item is set by the intersection of supply and demand curves.
For example, the equilibrium pressure at the bottom of a column of air is higher than at the top because of the force of gravity, and density gradients in a centrifuge are balanced by the centrifugal force.
In the real world, there are important problems which can be regarded as AGVQEPs in which the condition that the feasible set of AGVQEP is controlled by a set-valued mapping must be satisfied; for example, the equilibrium problems of the generalized games in Dasgupta and Maskin [38], Smeers et al. [39], Krawczyk [40], and Ansink and Houba [41].
This 'flat top' version of the ITD retains the key feature of height-structured, density-dependent competition for canopy space, and yet is simple enough to be open to mathematical analysis solving for (for example) the equilibrium Z* in monocultures, and the identity of the late-successional dominant species (Strigul et al. in review; Adams et al. in review; Purves et al. unpublished).
For example, the equilibrium populations of these conformations may depend on factors in the cellular environment such as pH, protein binding, or the presence of metabolites.
For example, the equilibrium concentration of each complex nucleic acid species and also the melting temperature of interacting nucleic acids can be calculated based on the partition function of the complex.
1d, 6c, [ 22] The unfavorable equilibrium might impede the Michael addition of water; for example, the equilibrium yield of 3-hydroxycyclohexanone (2 h) was determined to be 25%% (Table 3, entry 8), 2b, [ 23] corresponding with the measured yield of 22%%.
For example, the equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) of the Fab fragment of bevacizumab (Fab-12) for VEGF-A has been variously reported as 1.8 and 20 nM, as determined by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technology (Biacore) [ 28, 36], while the binding characteristics of the full bivalent bevacizumab molecule have not been reported.
For example, in a Cournot model, the equilibrium can be reached using the reaction functions only.
For example, while the equilibrium in the well-mixed case is always stable, the portion of that curve in Region III of the LPA model is unstable.
