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Examples of measures include the Hosmer Lemeshow statistic [ 7] and Nagelkerke's R [ 8] for model fit, the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) [ 9] and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) [ 10] for predictive ability, and percentages of total reclassification [ 11] and net reclassification improvement (NRI) [ 10] for clinical utility.
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Examples for these kind of measures include mentoring and peer education programs, extra-curricular activities, as well as parent involvement.
Texas and Arkansas, for example, have examined a wave of measures including reducing prison terms, diverting people into treatment programmes and releasing inmates on good behaviour early.
Examples of such measures include placement of rat guards in hawsers, closure of ramps when they are not in use, lighting of the ships' open spaces during the night, and installation of self-closing doors.
Examples of these measures include: the creation of public policy, education of workers and management about the risks, promoting smoking cessation, checking workers for early signs of COPD, use of respirators, and dust control.
Examples of such measures include targeted delivery of individualized, albeit expensive treatments, resource-intensive active case finding, and, in extreme cases, isolation [ 75, 76].
Examples of such measures include the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy Lung (FACT-L) developed for use with lung cancer patients [ 42], the Arthritis Impact Measurement Scale (AIMS) [ 43], and the Spinal Cord Injury Quality of Life Questionnaire (SCI-QL 23) [ 44].
Such a cost function can be constructed using some measure of distance between X and the product U W. Examples of such measures include Euclidean distance and Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence [50, 54 57].
Examples of such measures include screening tools and diagnostic measures, where the validity of the measure is assessed using (probabilistic) classification methods against a clinical standard, including demonstration of the positive/negative predictive value and sensitivity/specificity of resulting classifications.
Examples of adaptation measures include using water resources more efficiently, adapting building codes to be able to withstand extreme weather events and building flood defences.
Examples of such measures include tax cuts implemented to increase potential output and tax changes imposed by external bodies, such as the European institutions.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com