The second, "Intrapsychic Foundations," measures qualitative aspects of interpersonal relationships and includes assessments, for example, of empathy for others.
An example of empathy occurred when one patient expressed how painful the vaccinations (one for flu and one for pneumonia) were (example 8).
"In chimpanzees and other animals, you see examples of sympathy, empathy, reciprocity, a willingness to follow social rules.
Nemoto's methods are a perfect example of the use of empathy as the psychoanalyst Heinz Kohut understood it in his theory of "empathic attunement".
"As children, we are all taught to be very sensitive when it comes to dealing with blind people, for example, but that level of empathy doesn't always extend to the people in our society who have been born with learning problems," she says.
For example, in an analysis of empathy scores with respect to gender and specialty, females consistently scored higher than males [ 5, 6].
When our results were compared to those in the preintervention study, we found an increased awareness about AHC, more concrete examples of AHC, a stronger empathy for patients, and fewer explanations, justifications and trivialisations of AHC.
