Examples for radiation doses were calculated using the CT-Expo software (Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany).
We also acknowledge the help of Dieter Gosch PhD (Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany), who calculated the examples for radiation doses.
Our work on D. deserti also highlighted many annotation errors in D. radiodurans and Deinococcus geothermalis, for example, for radiation-induced genes ddrB, ddrC, and ddrH (de Groot et al. 2009; Baudet et al. 2010).
Calculation of examples for effective radiation doses (for the Philips scanner) indicates that the effective radiation dose can be decreased by approximately 50% from 3.8 mSv (spiral CT) to 2 mSv (10 single slices).
Unintended alterations in chromosomal DNA molecules can arise in various ways, including DNA polymerase errors and changes to the DNA template from internal (ROS, for example) and external (radiation, for example) sources.
To our knowledge, except refinement (filtering and chlorine dissipate), there are no hygienic activities (for example radiation on drinking water) for control the quality of drinking water in Isfahan.
Some measurements serve as biomarkers for "dose"—for example, residual radiation in tooth enamel as a marker of exposure to ionizing radiation (Desrosiers and Schauer 2001)—whereas other measures are more indirect for example, urinary cotinine level as an indicator of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (Woodward and Al Delaimy 1999).
Tomograph designs that more fully encompass patient emissions to increase sensitivity may also be important for some applications, especially those that require whole-body distribution measures, for example, radiation dosimetry [17].
It seems unlikely that the raised risk in our study represents a true effect, as leukaemia is associated with particularly short induction periods for known carcinogens, for example ionising radiation and alkylating chemotherapy (van Leeuwen and Travis, 2005) – whereas there was no evidence of a raised risk at shorter times since first use in our data or the Danish cohort.
In the mineral zircon, for example, radiation damage results in a change in colour, the storage of energy in electron traps, and a change in the crystallographic constants of the mineral.
For example, radiation leak from Tokyo Electric Power's Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power facility contaminated an area of 12.5 mi.
