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Typical examples for discrete characters are the reconstruction of the absence, presence or state of genes or traits for the internal nodes of the tree (i.e. for the ancestral organisms), while typical examples for continuous characters are environmental preferences of different species, measures of morphology or physiology or behavioral or metabolic properties (Nunn, 2011).
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In Section 4, two examples for continuous-time dynamic systems within a multisensor environment illustrate the main results, and concluding remarks are then given in Section 5. Consider the linear continuous-time dynamic system with sensors: (1).
For example, for continuous measurement vehicle with low measurement accuracy, single-axle vehicle can be used.
A simulation example for continuous stirred tank reactor is illustrated to verify the validity of the algorithm.
If we assume the emission power in intermittent mode is 0.5 mW, then taking a LDC value of 1% for example, for continuous USCS the total carrier energy may reach 49.5 mW.
So, for example for continuous outcomes, with say 10 clusters per arm and an ICC in the region of 0.02, then the MDD is in the region of 0.2 standardised effect sizes.
For example, for continuous data, one can redo the analysis assuming a Student-T distribution which is symmetric, bell-shaped distribution like the Normal distribution, but with thicker tails; for count data, once can use the Negative-binomial distribution which would be useful to assess the robustness of the results if over-dispersion is accounted for [ 52].
The framework and power calculations presented here represent a step toward more systematic and prospective genotype-phenotype study design for microbial pathogens, and can provide the basis for more refined power calculations (for example, accounting for continuous rather than binary phenotypes, or for analysis of un-matched strains).
In particular, we provide for each k∈N examples of continuous unitary representations for which the space of Ck+1-vectors is trivial and the space of Ck-vectors is dense.
Design examples are given for continuous and discontinuous conduction modes, with details of equalization required.
Finally, implementation of the switching MOMPC controller is demonstrated with a chemical process example for the continuous stirred tank reactor.
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