For example, when data are stored in a distributed manner, computation is often relatively inexpensive, and communication, i.e., actually moving the data, is often the most precious computational resource.
For example, when data on the primary research outcome, on which the sample size calculation was based, may not show statistical significance, while another outcome measure, for which no separate sample size calculation was performed, exhibits statistical significance [ 47, 48].
As Sandelowski and Barroso [ 52] discovered, identifying the findings in qualitative research can be complicated by varied reporting styles or the misrepresentation of data as findings (as for example when data are used to 'let participants speak for themselves').
Wrong queries would lead to wrong statistical conclusions, for example when data from a cohort of patients with different backgrounds are being analysed, or when one seeks an answer from software that was not designed for such query.
For example, when data from a single locus are pseudoreplicated to create additional simulated characters, even weak signal, when multiplied, can eventually become strong signal, leading to well-supported phylogenies (e.g. [ 21, 23]).
Thus, if frequent re-identification is required, for example when data is also used for treatment of the affected patients, the technological infrastructure must provide a way to present IDAT along with MDAT to authorized users, rendering the informational separation of powers transparent.
In certain instances, text and data mining can involve acts protected by copyright, by the sui generis database right or by both, in particular, the reproduction of works or other subject matter, the extraction of contents from a database or both which occur for example when the data is normalised in the process of text and data mining.
Moreover, the Nei minimum distance [ 25] could be inappropriate when working with various markers, for example when mixing data obtained with markers with different heterozygosis levels (e.g. mixing microsatellite and SNP data).
However, the procedure is also relevant in other situations, for example, when different data collection modes or different experimental manipulations affect respondents' perception of the meaning of the scale labels.
Multiple ways of distribution may be available for a dataset, for example when the data is available in multiple formats.
When completing a task using an interface, as task difficulty increases, users often prefer multimodal interactions rather than unimodal ones, for example, when entering data in an interface system with speech and pen modalities [1].
